Ecology and Population Biology Terms

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1427 Words

Teeming with underlying symbolism and an array of thematic ambivalence, The Great Gatsby prevails today as one of America’s most iconic literary works. Set during the boisterous and seductive period known as â€Å"The Roaring 20’s,† F. Scott Fitzgerald vividly depicts an era whose daring youth strived to acquire the unattainable in pursuit of the popular cultural myth known as the American Dream. However, under closer examination, it becomes evident that the characters in Fitzgerald’s novel are chasing a dream that is far from ideal. In the 1920’s setting that Fitzgerald illustrates, the concept of the American Dream, although still alive, is corrupted through the idealization of monetary possessions, improper morals, and a yearning for†¦show more content†¦Even though most of the characters of The Great Gatsby meet the above criterion through the possession of tangible commodities, they lack the full embodiment of the American Dream in ter ms of the egalitarian and moral basis from which it was built. More specifically, this lack of egalitarian and moral soundness first becomes evident within the actions and persona of Daisy’s husband, Tom Buchanan. Embodying an egotistical persona and stark set of morals, Tom Buchanan is, by far, one of the novel’s greatest examples of corruption pertaining to the American Dream. Having inherited a great deal of money from his parents’ dense reserves of wealth, Tom has never worked a day in his life and lacks any perception of what it means to truly earn ones own wages. However, Tom’s true embodiment of a corrupt American Dream is most evident in his sexist perceptions of the women in his life. For example, while hosting a small cocktail party in a New York City apartment, Tom strikes his extramarital mistress, Myrtle, for simply commenting about Tom’s true wife: â€Å"Some time toward midnight Tom Buchanan and Mrs. Wilson stood face to face, discussing in impassioned voices whether Mrs. Wilson had any

Glitter On Our Eyes Free Essays

It was almost ten o’clock by the time the final buzzer sounded. Max was only half paying attention as she joined her fellow cheerleaders in a final cheer, waving her green and blue pom-poms in the air. She couldn’t help glancing over her shoulder at the away team’s stands on the other side of the football field. We will write a custom essay sample on Glitter On Our Eyes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Silly, maybe, to try look for Eleanor from this far away, but it didn’t really stop her. Finally the crowd began to disperse, and Max let out a sigh of relief. Her pom-poms fell to the ground without a second thought. In a single movement she reached down and picked her water bottle, twisting off the cap. Tilting her head back, Max drank so fast she was probably in danger of choking. Whatever. When she glanced back over to the other side of the field, Central High’s cheerleaders were nowhere to be seen. Her shoulders slumped; even a quick scan around revealed nothing. Maybe Eleanor was waiting for her outside the gate- â€Å"Hey,† said Allison, grabbing Max by her uniform’s collar before she could run off, â€Å"slow down, tiger. I’m sure she’ll come looking for you soon.† â€Å"Hey, yourself—you don’t get to call me that!† But Allison only swatted at Max’s long blonde ponytail. Out of the corner of her eye she could see a familiar figure, dressed in purple and gold, coming down the forty-yard line, and she had to pry Allison’s fingers off before— A shout of â€Å"Maxine!† was all she heard, and then a small dark figure landed in her arms. Max laughed and held on tight as she spun her girlfriend around several times. Their foreheads pressed against one another’s as Max brought them to a halt. â€Å"Eleanor, you know-† â€Å"Yes, yes, call you ‘Max’,† Eleanor said, tucking a strand of her dark hair behind her ear. â€Å"But I like Maxine better.† With the same hand she reached up and straightened the sparkly scrunchie in Max’s hair, then smiled when Max rolled her eyes. They both knew that Max didn’t mind when Eleanor called her by her full name, but damned if Max was going to admit it. One of Max’s teammates, Kenisha, called out, â€Å"Geez, Max, couldn’t you have found a girlfriend who wasn’t cheering for our rivals?† She gave Max a playful punch on the arm as she passed. Max set Eleanor back down on the ground. â€Å"But she’s just so cute!† Eleanor, though a head shorter than Max, had much fuller hips, which she used to hip check Max and send her stumbling several steps to the side. â€Å"Watch it!† â€Å"You deserved it.† The squad’s bags were stashed in the locker rooms behind the bleachers; Eleanor and Max walked down the small slope of grass, hand in hand, so Max could grab it along with her backpack. It didn’t take long for them to head out while Max said goodbye to her squad mates on the way. â€Å"We’re still going to grab some food first, right?† Eleanor asked as they left the stadium (â€Å"stadium† in the loosest sense of the word, Max had always thought). â€Å"Mom and Dad said I should be back by midnight, but since it’s Friday night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Max couldn’t help but laugh and put an arm around Eleanor’s waist. â€Å"If you want to stay the night, you know that I’m not gonna object.† How to cite Glitter On Our Eyes, Papers

Nuclear Energy Analysis Essay Example For Students

Nuclear Energy Analysis Essay Nuclear Energy should be produced because it is an alternative to fossil fuel. Nuclear energy helps to conserve our national resources that we use as fuel such as coil, oil, and natural gas. Another pro of nuclear energy is that radiation that is given off by nuclear energy is mostly thought of a very dangerous thing but it can be used in positive ways too. For example, if you break a bone a doctor can inject a radioactive phosphorous compound, which is a compound that concentrates on active growth surfaces of bone. Then the doctor can see which part of the bone has been broken or set in an improper position because of the phosphorous compound concentrating on that region. We should not allow nuclear energy production, because nuclear energy is how atomic bombs were created. Atomic Bombs is a bomb that derives its great explosive force from the sudden release of Nuclear Energy through the fission, or splitting, of a heavy atomic nuclei. In Wold War II the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing thousands and thousands of innocent civilians. If it were not for nuclear energy this weapon of mass destruction would not be able to be made. Another reason nuclear energy production should not be allowed is because of the potential for dangerous radiation to get out of the nuclear power plant and cause many deaths and long term harmful effects to the people subjected to such radiationGovernment Essays

Ceremony By Marmon Silko Essays - Ceremony, American Literature

Ceremony By Marmon Silko Ceremony is a novel written by Leslie Marmon Silko. It deals with the gender roles of three women are significant to the development of a character namedd Tayo who is half-white and half-Indian. These three women are Tayo's birth mother, Auntie, and Old Grandma. His mother left him when he was four years old and that began his sense of emptiness and abandonment. She could not bear to raise a child that brought the reservation shame by her mistake. Summary: Auntie raised Tayo and was the mother figure he lacked. She had no problem accepting to take him, but only to "conceal the shame of her younger sister". Auntie was always hesitant toward Tayo as he was not her real son and was also a half-breed. For Tayo, this only added to his feeling of displacement and emptiness. She would give her affection and attention to her real son Rocky, but would let Tayo just sit there alone. After the war Auntie nursed him because he was all she had left after Rocky got killed. He would wake up crying after dreaming about how much Josiah had loved him and always hugged him when he was a littlt child . Now he realized that there was no place left for him and he would never find peace. Auntie may have been a mother figure to him, but to Tayo she was just someone who looked after him. Old Grandma, unlike Auntie, does accept Tayo and wants what is best for him. When Auntie rejected the idea of a medicine doctor because he's not "full blood", Old Grandma got angry and said that he was her grandson and why should she care what they say anyway. She has been around for many years and doesn't worry about what other people will say about Tayo or about their family. The significance of Montano to the novel, Ceremony is very powerful and vital to the recovery of Tayo. She lives up in the rim rock and is in touch with the earth and her surroundings in every way. Being torn between the white world and the Indian world is what leaves Tayo feeling invisible and hollow inside. Montano helps him to become more in touch with his Indian side and to feel the strength and power from the earth. She teaches him the importance of certain plants, flowers, and ceremonies and how they are significant to Indian culture and survival. Tayo falls in love with her, and through his love, he begins to feel alive again. He realizes that he does have a place and that he is not invisible to everyone and to his surroundings. When he is not with her, instead of the nightmares, she fills his dreams. He woke up one night and thought about the overpowering love he felt for her. He shed "tears filled his eyes and the ache in his throat ran deep into his chest." Tayo no longer feels like a walking shadow, but finally a real person with feelings and emotions. It is through Montano that he discovers himself and ultimately is able to deal with being a half-breed in a changing world. When she finally leaves him, he is able to go on living and remembering all that she taught him. Conclusion: I really enjoyed this story. It was a great portrayal of how family might mistreat you just because you are a little different than them. Sometimes people can't deal with the fact that a family member is only half of the race that they are. I would definitely recommend this book to others, especially to anyone who feels that they are secluded and have no friends just because they are bi-racial.

Discussing The Tourism Industry In Bangladesh Tourism Essays

Discussing The Tourism Industry In Bangladesh Tourism Essays Discussing The Tourism Industry In Bangladesh Tourism Essay Discussing The Tourism Industry In Bangladesh Tourism Essay The touristry industry is a major subscriber to the gross province merchandise of many states ( Reige and Perry, 2000 ) and in the last 50 old ages, touristry has developed into one of the universe s most powerful, yet provocative, socio-economic forces ( Sharpley and Telfer 2008 ) . Travel A ; Tourism industry has become one of the universe s most of import and fastest turning economic sectors, bring forthing quality occupations and significant wealth for economic systems around the Earth ( WTTC, 2007 ) . The recent planetary recession has non caused the touristry industry to crunch to a complete arrest, and the World Tourism Barometer indicated that the recession merely caused a 4 % diminution in planetary touristry from 2008-2010 ( UNWTO, 2011b ) and now it is expected to turn once more. WTTC President and CEO, David Scowsill ( 2011 ) says Over the following 10 old ages, its entire part to GDP will lift by 4.2 % per annum to US $ 9.2 trillion, conveying w ith it 65 million new occupations, but for that growing to be accomplishable and sustainable, authoritiess must work together with the industry towards smarter policies and statute law that will assist Travel A ; Tourism to boom. In Third universe states, authoritiess encourage touristry investing because of the premise that it will lend to economic development of their states ( Hall, 1995 ) . Third universe states and developing states ever seeks the possible benefits of touristry such as increased income, foreign exchange, employments and economic variegation ( Sharpley and Telfer, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Ferguson ( 2007 ) The touristry industry straight provides around 3 per cent of planetary employment, or 192 million occupations the equivalent to one in every 12 occupations in the formal sector . As with other industrial sectors and Fieldss of academic survey, touristry has besides developed over the decennaries and has been influenced by a battalion of internal and extern al factors. It is non surprising that many facets of touristry are wholly different than they used to be before because of the huge rate of technological alteration along with societal, economic and environmental alterations. Bangladesh is one of the universe s most dumbly populated states, with its people packed into a delta of rivers that empties into the Bay of Bengal [ BBC ] ( 2011 ) . It s implementing its development programs for a long clip. They are non merely seeking to procure their economic growing but besides seeking to better their societal life criterions. In Bangladesh, touristry was about non-existent at the state s independency from Pakistan in 1971. More late touristry has seen as a agency of the lending to their attainment. Tourism contributes 4.8 % to Bangladesh s Gross Domestic Products ( GDP ) and employs over 1509100 which contribute 1.9 % of direct employments ( WTTC, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to Bhatia ( 1986 in Jenkins and Tosun, 1998 ) , many states in the 3rd universe do non cognize the importance of touristry and the impacts that it can hold, and Bangladesh is one of those states. Basically Jenkins and Tosun ( 1998 ) argue that, touristry development took topographic point in most of the topographic points of this universe as an unplanned activity ( p 102 ) . Like sustainable development sounds attractive ( Butler, 1992: 64 ) , the phrase of sustainable touristry accepted instantly by this state even the significance of this term is non understood to the full. Though sustainable touristry is the in thing across the universe, Bangladesh, in malice of being endowed with nature s premiums and beauty, still struggles with the construct ( Mahmud, 2010 ) . Several finishs in Bangladesh such as Chittagong hill piece of lands, the Sundarbans, Saint Martin coral island, Nijhum Island, Srimanagol Lawachera rain wood, Tangua Hoar and Cox s Bazar, which could be used as sustainable tourer musca volitanss ( Mahmud, 2010 ) . Cox s Bazar is the tourist capital of Bangladesh. By popular pick, Cox s Bazar has late been ranked as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World ( Zamir, 2009 ) , located handily on the east-west air-corridor doing it a gateway to the Far East. It is endowed with resources and the potency for a touristry industry. In the southern border of the state has a 125 kilometer ( 77.6 stat mis ) long beach of soft silvery sand, the universe s longest ( Qadir, 2003 ) and a concatenation of hills that run parallel to the sea for about the full length, looming drops, colourful, ancient pagodas and Hindu temples ( Anonymous, 2007 ) , in a Riviera-like scene with semilunar low hills overlooking the Bay of Bengal, and most visited tourer finishs in Bangladesh. The scope of the hills covered in epicurean green Grovess is cherished locations for tourers. Cox s Bazar is located at the caput of this terrain. Cox s Bazar is besides known as Panowa , literature significance xanthous flower. Palonkee was its other name. The girl of the sea Bangladesh is a beautiful surprise for the tourer. Since the touristry is reported as a comparatively easy manner to gain foreign exchange, many states are eager to come in international markets every bit fast as they can ( Jafari, 1974 ) and Bangladesh is one of them. Harmonizing to Jafari ( 1974 ) , tourers and intelligence media of a developed states come to be a sort of promotional agents for a underdeveloped state or for a under developing state. Though Hasan in his book development touristry in Bangladesh blames the international intelligence media for stand foring a incorrect visual aspect of the state and intelligence media carefully avoid stating the universe of the brighter side of Bangladesh than the unsmooth side of it ( Khairuzzaman, 2008 ) still there are some positive attacks from the international media. Alone planet is one of them. The universe leader in printing travel ushers and guidebooks Lonely planet recommended Bangladesh as one of the to p 10 interesting travel finish in 2009 ( Thomsen, 2009 ) . This UK based publication Bradt Travel usher is known as a innovator in undertaking unusual finishs, for defending the causes of sustainable travel and for the high quality of composing ( Thomsen, 2009 ) . The first usher on Bangladesh published in 2009 and the back screen text provinces: Bangladesh has a repute for being hapless and beset by deluging, but this republic of rivers wagess those willing to look beyond the headlines. Leave luxuries behind and ship on the richest of travel experiences among some of the sub-continent s friendliest people ( Thomsen, 2009 ) . This sort of positive focal point on Bangladesh is non possible to purchase for money. Lack of consistent scheme on cooperation, appropriate cognition and sustainability ; are the great barrier to a positive development of Bangladesh touristry sector. Environmental resources are an of import plus non merely in Cox s Bazar but to other touristry finishs in all other 3rd universe states. The touristry in Bangladesh is particularly popular due to its coastal countries of Cox s Bazar. If environmental resources are of import economic assets in Bangladesh, the immediate action that demand is that of sustainable use of resources to profit for present and future coevalss ( Mbaiwa, 2005 ) . It is good established that the presence of touristry in finish ever brings with it environmental, socio-culture and economic benefit and this is why it is an effectual development tool in any under developing states and in the instance of Bangladesh, A sustainable touristry scheme will hold a major positive impact ( Thomsen, 2009 ) . When transporting out a wide research on any substance, it is indispensable to go acquainted with contextual of that subject, by utilizing relevant literatures. For this thesis, it is most important to obtain information in a figure of different beginnings. Academic books, diaries, newspapers, where available, will be used in the assemblage of information for this thesis. Here in this undertaking, I will sketch the history of sustainable touristry development foremost which will supply the context of how it is developing and will reply either it exists in the Bangladesh, peculiarly in Cox s bazaar. In order to derive this cognition I will look at different publications related to research issue will be collected from academic books, day-to-day newspaper, undertakings, related archives and enormously up to day of the month diaries. For this intent it will be highly utile to look at relevant cyberspace web sites such as the web sites of different ministry of Bangladesh and touristry in dustry based web sites. Internet web sites will be an of import beginning to make full in the spread by supplying utile information where books and periodicals are non so univocal. 2.0: Literature reappraisal All touristry includes some travel but non all travel is touristry ( Page, 2007 ) . Tourism used to be recognised as an activity undertaken by those who travelled off from place for vacations, to see relations or to transport out professional concern, in the yesteryear. Tourism is a composite of activities, services and industries that deliver a travel experience: transit, adjustments, feeding and imbibing constitutions, stores amusement, activity installations and other cordial reception services available for persons and groups that are going off from place ( Goeldner and Ritchie, 2009 ) . Therefore it encompasses a broad assortment of intents. The officially accepted definition by UNWTO ( 1993 ) is: Tourism comprises the activities of individual going to and remaining topographic points outside their usual environment for non more than one back-to-back twelvemonth for leisure, concerns and other intents . This definition challenges the normally held perceptual experience that to uristry is strictly concerned with diversion and holding merriment ( Holden, 2008 ) . But harmonizing to Gunn ( 1994 ) the best working definition of touristry is that of by Mathieson and Wall ( 1982 in Gunn, 1994 ) : Tourism is the impermanent motion of people to finishs outsides their normal topographic points of work and abode, the activities undertaken during their stay in those finishs, and the installations created to provide to their demands . At the present clip, touristry is even more far making with wider deductions. Specialists have celebrated between mass touristry , which involves those characteristics merely mentioned, and alternative touristry , which can include cultural, educational, societal, environmental, agricultural and political touristry ( Wearing and Neil, 2009 ) . Tourism promotes better transverse civilization apprehension. For any 3rd universe and developing states, touristry is seen as an of import tool of their regional development, civilization, en vironmental and in most instances ; the touristry portfolio is attached to Economy. This provides us with an initial penetration into the impact of touristry within all states it has. In add-on to societal, political and economic concerns, touristry has become a immensely of import and planetary characteristic of environmental statement. Tourism development which systematically ignores environmental concerns is improbable to stay feasible in the longer term ( Pigram, 1990 ) . High volume of touristry can do environmental including H2O, air and noise pollution which are highly destructive to a location s sustainable wellbeing. It is as a significance of the turning consciousness of the harmful consequence that touristry has on the environment, every bit good as a general heightened apprehension of how planetary heating is impacting our planet, that touristry has been given an environmental focal point. Indeed, sustainable touristry is now a widely known mercantile establishment of touristry, with the province of the environment being given more and more consideration. The term Sustainable Tourism has been introduced in the context of wider argument about environme ntal sustainability and logically implies a signifier and degree of touristry which maintains a entire stock of natural resources ( Sinclair, 1998 ) . The turning consciousness of environmental harm in this modern technological universe is the ground to turn to this term. Getz ( 1986 ) says that when touristry planning was foremost developed in the 1960s, the subject s chief focal point came, about wholly from the position of maximising economic growing ( p. 21 ) . Over the decennaries, the focal point has shifted and is now, more sensitive to non-economic issues ( p. 32 ) . Murphy ( 1985 ) argues that it is the duty of the touristry industry to, develop and protect its attractive forces, whether they are natural or semisynthetic, and go a cordial reception industry to do visitant experiences every bit gratifying as possible ( p. 10 ) . Though it is argued that excessively much accent is placed on comparatively short term economic impacts at the cost of sing the long term soci etal and environmental impacts of touristry, thereby encourages in a better consciousness of the jobs that the industry creates ( Holloway et al. , 2009 ) . The importance of sustainable development is to transport turning successes into the hereafter in such a manner that future coevalss are non troubled ( Pearce et al. , 1990 ) . Sustainability, sustainable touristry and sustainable development are all well-established footings ( Liu, 2003 ) . There are two constituents in the definition of sustainable development. The significance of development and the status necessary for sustainability are those two constituents ( Miltin, 1992 ) . Croall ( 1995 ) compares sustainability to the nexus between development and preservation , which should non conflict to each other. Harmonizing to Bartelmus ( 1986 in Tosun, 2001 ) , development implies a procedure that makes an attempt to better the life conditions of people . To run into human demands and wants is the chief aim of development ( WCED, 1987 ) which involves wider apprehensivenesss with the quality of life ( Pearce et al. , 1990 ) . When applied to touristry, as Godfrey ( 1996 in Gunn, 1994 ) ) points out the construct of sustainable development relates to a signifier of environmentally friendly touristry. Aside, Rees ( Gunn, 1994 p.85 ) define sustainable touristry development as a positive socio-economic alteration that does non sabotage the cultural, ecological and societal systems upon which local communities and societies are depended . The construct of sustainability foremost appeared on the public sense in the study by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987. The lineation of sustainable development is that the economic growing and the environmental preservation are non merely friendly but they are spouses and one can non last without than other. The Brundtland Commission Report defines sustainable development as development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands ( WCED, 1987 ) . The Commission highlighted that sustainable development is non a fixed national understanding, but an active procedure of alterations which are all in harmoniousness and heighten both current and future potency to run into human demands and aspirations ( WCED, 1987: 46 ) . A general failing in the construct of the sustainable touristry development is that its rules and aims have tended to attest themselves in sets of guidelines that base d on pull offing the bounds of acceptable environmental and societal alteration, which is unable to account for the about infinite diverseness of touristry development contexts ( Sharpley and Telfer, 2008 ) . In a research Liu ( 2003 ) found that sustainability is praised by Bramwell and Lane ( 1993 in Liu, 2003 ) and harmonizing to them it is a positive attack intended to cut down the tensenesss and clash created by the complex interactions between the touristry industry, tourers, environment and the host communities to keep the long term capacity and quality of both natural and human resources . Miles of aureate littorals, looming drops, surfing moving ridges, rare conch shells, colorful Pagodas, Buddhist Temples and delicious sea-food all this makes what Cox s Bazar is today, the tourer capital of Bangladesh ( NTO ) . Cox s Bazar is one of the most attractive tourer musca volitanss, non merely in the Bangladesh but besides in the universe. The warm, shark free Waterss are good for bathing and swimming A ; while the flaxen beaches offer chances for sun-bathing ( NTO ) . The tourist capital of Bangladesh includes conch shell market, tribal handcraft, and salt and shrimp cultivation. Harmonizing to a nose count of aquatic birds, a sum of 15933 birds of 52 species have been spotted in Cox s Bazar ( The Daily Star, 2009 ) can be seen as other attractive force. Aggmeda Khyang, a Buddhist monastery at the hills, Himchari field day topographic point, merely about 8 kilometers from Cox s Bazar, Innani Beach 32 km off from the metropolis, is one of the most dramatic sea beache s in Bangladesh which is really near to the universe s longest sandy beach in Cox s Bazaar and it is situated within the Inani protected forest ; Sonadia island with really small human trial, Teknaf peninsula, some 80 kilometers from town and picturesque St. Martin Island to the South at 13 kilometers distance from mainland are the around attractive force of Cox s Bazar ( Ahammed, 2010 ) . All these topographic points are located around Cox s Bazar and easy accessible by route and H2O sides what makes this topographic point hub of touristry. As an international finish, Bangladesh has a assorted image. Tourists from abroad perceive a negative consciousness of Bangladesh from intelligence media. Peoples from outside perceive as topographic point where the population is populating in poorness, corruptness and in natural catastrophes. Though the new seven natural admirations search 2009 have made the state attractive for touristry and is besides charted as one of the top 10 interesting finishs by new travel books ( Quader, 2010 ) . Bangladesh is still one of the states in South Asia with the fewest reachings and the lowest gross earned from the touristry industry. WTTC ( 2011 ) predicts that the part from travel and touristry will increase 6.3 % per annum boulder clay 2021. Harmonizing to Bari ( FE, 2010 ) , At present, around 0.50 million international tourers visit Bangladesh each twelvemonth, It employs one million people . Most of the tourers visited the state for concern intent, and their stay in the state was brief as they had non been offered to research the hills, seas and woods of the state brimming with natural beauty ( Mahmud, 2010 ) . The lone cause for this is the deficiency of consciousness and proper agreements. Though the economic part of touristry and the portion of Cox s Bazar to the national economic system are non studied with dependable statistics ( Ahammed, 2010 ) still the touristry industry leaders said in Financial Express ( FE, 2010 ) that Bangladesh can gain US $ 2.0 billion in one-year gross from the touristry sector if it can pull two million international tourers. Harmonizing to the general director of Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation, gross gaining from the touristry sector is sing a downward tendency and the gross from touristry sector was about ?51 million in 2008, which came down to ?47 million in 2009. Till June 2010, the gross was ?26 million ( FE, 2010 ) . Tourism in Bangladesh is managed by Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation under the Ministry of Civil Aviation and touristry. There is no uncertainty that touristry is an effectual development tool, helps economic system to bring forth gross, state gets benefited every bit good as the private sector and local community, Consciousness on saving of nature and protection of environment tends to increase. Though Cox s Bazar is easy accessible by route, still there is no rail links in this metropolis. The authorities disbursement immense sum of money to acquire Cox s Bazar rail linked within 2 old ages. Government s substructure development planning includes the work on the upgraded pigboat overseas telegram connexion of Cox s Bazar Landing Station to increase the bandwidth ( Unb, 2011 ) . Development of major substructure to function resorts should be coordinated to run into the demands of the industry with boarder economic and societal demands ( Brohman, 1996 ) . The presence of touristry in any finish ever brings environmental, socio- civilization and economic impacts. Less developed finishs like Cox s Bazar are more susceptible. Development of touristry in Cox s bazaar brings external money flow which drives the populating criterion of the locals to higher degree. Development of touristry in Cox s Bazar on a long-run footing is to give due importance to the above impacts for its sustainability. It needs a long term planning, uninterrupted development work, avoid the negative impacts and investing timing have to be predetermined ( Quader, 2010 ) . The current growing in tourer Numberss to Cox s bazaar has led to the acknowledgment that consideration demands to be given to a sustainable touristry development scheme if the site is to be maintained for future coevalss. 3.0 Purposes and aims In set abouting this probe, this thesis has figure of purposes and aims. As sustainable touristry is a really good established term in modern touristry industry due to a heightened environmental consciousness, it is of import to understand how it functions and whom it targets. The end of environmentally sustainability is a maximal degree of coveted result such as economic net income, quality of life what will keep in a steady manner, capable to restraints imposed by environment. Footing on this construct it can be said that environmentally sustainable touristry implies a cardinal importance on keeping a certain degree of environmental quality. This is foregrounding that, a sustainable environment and a feasible touristry industry are indispensable elements to do an environmentally sustainable touristry ( Johnston A ; Tyrrell, 2007 ) . In order to make understand the term and the map of environmentally sustainable touristry, it will foremost be necessary to sketch the rudimentss of t he touristry industry in less developed state like Bangladesh and how it has changed over the old ages. By making this it will be possible to better understand how the sustainable touristry industry fits into Cox s Bazar. 3.1: Purposes The nucleus purpose of the societal and economic positions of touristry is to animate more international and domestic tourers to advance the growing of tourer value which focus on making employment, accomplishing gross, developing local battle ( Gilmore et al. , 2007 ) and enable some members of the population to travel from the informal sector to higher paid occupations in the formal sector ( Sinclair, 1998 ) . The environmental purpose is frequently conflict between the economic and societal perceptual experiences which is to protect and to conserve both civilization and the environment ( Gilmore et al. , 2007 ) . The host population is itself a portion of the touristry merchandise. The rapid growing of touristry in any less developed states and finishs raises inquiries of sustainable touristry development, peculiarly the entree and economic benefits to local economic systems. For this thesis, it is most of import to cognize the assorted aspects of the relationship between host pop ulation and touristry industry of Cox s Bazar of Bangladesh. The locals are topics to be viewed and interacted with, or scenes for tourer activities, and their attitudes and behaviour constitute the hospitality resource of a finish ( Smith, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to the World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ) ( 1993 ) , touristry is sustainable when it improves the quality of life of the host community ; provides a high quality of experience for the visitant ; and maintains the quality of the environment on which both the host community and the visitant depend . Cox s Bazar have limited chances and resources for agribusiness or industrial development and are turning to tourism to make the major beginning of economic system though a immense portion of population are still involved in fishing, roll uping sea nutrients and sea merchandises for their support. Traditionally, it is a conservative society and socio-culture, economic system and the quality of life is still below than nation al norm ( Ahammed, 2010 ) . The purpose of this undertaking is to critically measure whether Cox s Bazar in Bangladesh can be developed in a sustainable manner. 3.2: Aims Finally, holding completed a thorough probe and after rating of the information collected will take up to the current prevalence of the sustainable touristry in Cox s Bazar, it will so be possible to conceive of how the industry may develop in future. Aims are i? To measure and specify sustainable touristry development in term of environment, economic and civilization. i? To look into and happen the specific demand for sustainable touristry development in Cox s Bazar. i? Critically discuss whether the people of touristry industry in Bangladesh truly know the significance of sustainable development? i? To exemplify utile decisions and do effectual recommendations on sustainable touristry development for Cox s Bazar that can be implemented by the touristry authorization of Bangladesh. 4.0: Methodology and Method The undermentioned subdivision of this thesis shall sketch the methodological analysis and the method that shall be employed for the primary research subdivision of this thesis. 4.1: Methodology In touristry research there is an ongoing demand for statistical penetrations but qualitative research offers a great trade of understanding at societal life from in a different manner ( Phillimore and Goodson, 2004 ) . Phillimore and Goodson ( 2004 ) argue that touristry research workers are non bound to follow a simple set of methods, and are hence free to unite a broad scope of attacks with a more sophisticated attitude to utilize qualitative research. This undertaking used both primary and secondary informations resources. In footings of primary informations beginnings, this thesis relied on the research work that I have carried out on sustainable touristry development in Cox s Bazar. Priority was given to the semi structured interviews I took in April 2011 which resulted in to develop decisions and recommendations based on the findings that could be implemented in Cox s Bazar. In order to give concrete burden to the primary research conducted this research will besides incorporate some secondary research. Roll uping informations from people who are involved with the touristry industry in Bangladesh will give considerable thoughts that will hold been formed by looking at secondary literature. It will besides supply the thesis with a personal penetration which can non be gained from carry oning qualitative research entirely. 4.1.1: Primary Research From the beginning, I decided that my research objectives more easy impart themselves to more qualitative signifiers of analysis. This survey is basically trying to find how a figure of complex constructs impact and relate to one another. It requires the capable country to be looked at from a figure of different positions and for links between these separate positions to be determined. Britten et Al ( 1995 ) suggest that using qualitative methodological analysis allows for the research worker to, Address research inquiries of immediate relevancy which are otherwise hard to look into ( p. 105 ) . Flick et Al ( 2004 ) travel on to indicate out that the usage of qualitative methodological analysis can aide in, the apprehension of complex relationships instead than account by isolation of a individual relationship, such as cause and effect ( p. 8 ) . Sofaer ( 1999 ) further argues that this can ensue in, rich descriptions of phenomenaaˆÂ ¦it non merely serves the desire to de pict ; it besides helps travel the question towards more meaningful accounts ( p. 1102 ) . It is for these grounds that this survey will near the research objectives from a qualitative, instead than giving practical weight to quantitative, attack. 4.1.2: Secondary Research Secondary analysis has a well-established lineage. This will supply the utile information in order to understand the background of the topic. Hakim ( 1982 ) province that, secondary information analysis is any farther analysis of an bing dataset which presents readings, decisions or knowledge extra to, or different from, those produced in the first study on the enquiry as a whole and its chief consequences ( p 1 ) . Secondary informations can encompass a whole scope of experimental signifiers ; it can include the informations generated through systematic reappraisals, through documental analysis every bit good as the consequences from authorities sponsored studies ( Smith, 2008 ) . Secondary literature provides a considerable beginning for appreciative which is necessary when doing determinations sing any subject and puting progress theories to develop state of affairss. 4.2: Method The first method that was considered was focus groups. MacNaghten and Myers ( 2004 ) suggest that this method is most utile for research workers who possibly, are non wholly certain what categories, links and positions are relevant ( p. 65 ) . However, this method can give informations that can be hard to understand and construe. For an inexperient research worker this could show a job and could take to informations that is possibly non every bit rich as it could be. I eventually chose semi-structured interviews as my primary research method. Kvale ( 1983 ) states that the usage of this method presents the research worker with the chance to, garner the life-world of the interviewee with regard to reading of the significance of the described phenomena ( p. 174 ) . It is this existent universe experience that will give my informations existent deepness and will hopefully assist me to understand some of the complex jobs faced by my respondents. Another advantage of this method is outlined by Blee and Taylor ( 1995 ) who argue that semi-structured interviews topographic points human bureau, at the Centre of the motion analysis. Qualitative interviews are a window into the mundane universe of militants, and they generate representations that embody the topics voices, minimising, at least every bit much as possible, the voice of the research worker ( p. 96 ) . I had hoped to be able to carry on this research in Cox s Bazar. However, it became clear to me early in my research that this was non likely to be popular. Alternatively, I chose to concentrate my research on travel bureaus in the UK who offer vacations to Cox s Bazar and other parts of Bangladesh. I chose to pull my sample group from bureaus located in Bangladeshi communities. Tower Hamlets, Manchester and Oldham have arguably the highest concentration of Bangladeshi s in the state, so I chose to aim travel agents here. As people working in the industry are replying my questionnaires, I assured them that they will stay anon. to do them experience more confident to give honest reply. I phoned round several bureaus and managed to procure interviews with 5 travel agents. A few yearss before the interviews, these respondents were sent an lineation of my survey so that they could possibly get down to fix their responses. This would hopefully give richer information for me to utilize. These interviews were largely conducted face to face, although two was conducted over the phone and Skype. I recorded the interviews and took extended notes during them. I was witting of the fact that, in semi-structured interviewing, analysis and reading are ongoing procedures ( Blee and Taylor, 2002: 110 ) . Unlike in quantitative informations aggregation where one waits until all the information is collected before get downing the analysis procedure, with qualitative informations aggregation, the analysis is an ongoing procedure. In the analysis of the information, I

Presentation PowerPoint Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

PowerPoint Presentation Example As earlier stated in my introduction, this report aims at achieving two main goals. The most essential one is to improve students’ academic performance. Secondly, it is to guarantee student manage their time effectively and utilize it well. People say that time is money and am sure we all love money and use it carefully (supposed to be like a joke). I am also sure that we do not want to waste our parent’s money sitting around wasting time and doing nothing. (make it fun by like asking question or asking another student the same question. (MAYBE, Jimmy, do you think it is good to waste time in school?) I am going to narrow down to three main topics in my presentation of managing students time. The first will be on follow plans, good study habits and procrastination. I believe these topics touch on the relevant issues in time management especially when students are concerned. We are all supposed to have plans. I believe you have some plans after this. It maybe to go eat a burger or hang out with your friends ( supposed to be fun when you are saying this. You may make a joke by mentioning some crazy plans. Take care though not to stay on that for long). Now, in the school context, we students are supposed to make academic plans and follow them strictly. The plans show time allocation for each subject. They also make sure that time for one subject does not take up the other’s time. Follow plans are supposed to help your organization during study. They also make sure you cover all subjects without discrimination. By sticking to follow plans, the time you have in school will be well managed. There are various types of follow plans. The most common and recommended ones are study plans, revision plans and progress assessment plans. Study plans are for organization of study time and materials. Revision plans come in handy when preparing for exams and progress assessment plans monitor your academic achievement over time. Students ought to have all of these plans

Unit 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Unit 7 - Essay Example ith the baseline, I will be able to know the progress of the project and provide the manager with detailed, accurate data on the progress of the project. My plan will be to provide the manager with project progress report every Monday after the start of the project detailing the costs used for the week, the work done during the week, and the estimates of project progress for the coming week. The main tools that I will use in the course of reporting to the manager are interim and baseline plans basing on the data from the budget, cost, time, and duration estimates from the project plan. During the start of the financial year a new data management systems was being installed in the company and a colleague and I were tasked with the reporting of the progress of the project by the Management systems team to which I am the manager. Using baseline and interim plans, we were able to give weekly reports to the CEO over the six weeks duration of the project that was very successful. Every Monday morning, we ensured that we delivered a report to the CEO detailing finish date, work completed during the  previous week and present plans for undertaking in the coming week. The project was lauded by the CEO during the managers meeting after the system proved effective in managing the high data flow in the company. Problem solving skills are important for all team members because problem solving skills by all team members increases team productivity at the workplace, aids in avoiding recurrence of problems, and results in professional effectiveness (Butterfield, 2009). When each member has problem solving skills seeking alternative solution is easy, increases the ability to cooperate as a team for the achievement of set goals, aids in understanding the severity of a given problem, and evaluate strategies of using available resources as a team to resolve the problem. When problem solving skills is available on all members and not some it creates a conducive environment for

Constitutional and Judicial Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Constitutional and Judicial Review - Essay Example Counter arguments are however there and this is to the effect that the Human Rights Act 1998 does give the courts the right to strike down any legislation that it feels is incompatible with the European Convention by stating so. The courts may not choose to exercise this option and may prefer to interpret it as far as possible as required by Section 3 of the Human Rights Act of 1998. Yet the decision lies with the court in choosing whether exercise this to option and call for amending the legislation. This is contrary to the traditional understanding of parliamentary sovereignty and should the courts choose to exercise this option it would lead to a constitutional crisis. (Gillespie, A. Alisdair. Human Rights Act 1998: The 5 Minute Tour). British courts feel bound to display Acts of parliament that are inconsistent with the European Law, but not those that are inconsistent with the European Human Rights law, because all twelve articles except Article 13 of the principal Convention articles have been included in the Human Rights Act of 1998. The leaving out of Article 13 was intentional and the official position for not including this article in the Human Rights Act of 1998 is that the Act itself is Article 13 and provides the necessary measures for any citizen to seek relief in case there are of any breaches. It must also be remembered that any citizen of the United Kingdom as a citizen of the European Union can approach the European Court of Human Rights for relief in case of any breaches.

The London Ambulance Service Computer Information Technology Essay

The London Ambulance Service Computer Information Technology Essay This paper will analyze one of the most prominent computerized system failures in the past 10 years- the failure of the London Ambulance Service Computer Aided Dispatch system-hereafter referred to as LASCAD. Unlike the common one dimensional explanations for system failure that view Information systems as mainly a neutral technical artifact ( Klein and Hirscheim, 1987), this paper will attempt to explore the more multi-faceted nature of systems failure which is closer to the reality that system exist in. This analysis will be anchored in the concepts of holism and emergent properties as described by Francis and Roland Bee (2005), Managing Information and Statistics, 2005, whereby the approach taken to analysis emphasizes the system relationships and processes and results of its interactions. References will be made to existing frameworks used to investigate system failure in particular the Sauer model Sauer (1993). Details of the description of the system and the failure will be dra wn mainly from a paper on Information System failure and risk Assessment by Paul Beynon Davis (Computer studies technical report University of Glamorgan, 1994b).From this investigation existing methods of preventing or solving software systems failure will be explored in the context of the LASCAD system to look into recommendations and lessons learnt to prevent such failures .This will particularly focus on risk handling as proposed by B.W Boehm ( 1991) and the Goal Question Metrics by Solingen and E. Berghout (1999). Summary of the LASCAD System Failure Case Study The LASCAD system was a computer aided ambulance dispatch system established at the head quarters of the London Ambulance Service. According to Page et al (1993), the expected functions of the system are described below: Call taking: Acceptance of calls and incident details Resource Identification: Particularly which ambulance to send to an incident Resource Mobilization: Communicating details of an incident to the appropriate ambulance Resource Management: The positioning of suitably equipped and staffed vehicles to minimize response times Management Information: This involves the collation information to assess performance, resource management and planning. This system was supposed to solve the problems related to manual dispatch systems including time consuming and error prone identification of the precise incident location, paperwork and maintenance of current vehicle status information. The LASCAD system objective was to automate these manual human intensive tasks by using an events based and ruled based approach and integrating a Geographical Information System (GIS) to provide location details. In this system the callers, incident and patient details would be recorded and transmitted to the dispatchers. Through the use of radio signals and GIS the system is able to determine the ambulance nearest to the patient. After dispatch the ambulance crew was expected to acknowledge the dispatch message and the system would then detect whether the ambulance was headed in the right direction. Finally the system would alert the controller on the ambulances arrival to the scene, hospital and when it becomes free again. Figure1: LASCAD flow chart (Paul Beynon Davis, 1994) This explanation of expectations of the systems functionality is pretty linear and even simplistic but on closer examination one is able to construe the complexities that are involved in delivering such expectations. This will become more apparent in the following section highlighting the system failure and later on the events leading to the failure. Between 26th and 27th October 1992 (Paul Beynon Davis, 1994), the system started to fail. It was reported that as a result of a flood of emergency calls bogged down the system and this resulted in erratic behavior of the system involving calls being wiped off the screen and automatic alerts indicating unacknowledged calls to ambulances. According to the Guardian newspaper, 1992, it was claimed that 20-30 people may have lost their lives due to ambulance delays. Indeed the impact of this failure was tremendous and as expected triggered various responses as to what was the cause of the failure. According to Donaldson and Jenkins (2000) in their paper on System Failures: An Approach to understanding what can go wrong, the causes of system failure are complex and interact with each other and in some cases a single factor may single out the problem while in others a combination of many small and apparently insignificant factors are to blame. This merely says that it is difficult to analyze causes of systems failure which would only be closely understood through multi cause analysis stemming from the soft systems methodology. It also becomes apparent that everything is not always as it seems, a good example is the Arriane V rocket (ESA Press release Nr 33-96-July 1996) which failed courtesy of its navigation software bein g inappropriate for the rockets design. This was not actually a software failure as may have been though in the outset but a problem with the overall incorrect assembly of the rocket. As it were the software performed to its specification. This is akin to expectation failure which Lyytinen and Hirscheim (1987) describe as the inability of an IS system to meet specific stakeholder groups expectations, they signify a gap between an existing situation and a desired situation for members of a particular stakeholder group. This is further enhanced by Donaldson and Jenkins (2000) system failure analysis detailing high public expectancy of computer technology, Fashion/popularity of systems obscuring its basic objectives and the varying stakeholder interests creating different perceptions of the system. Analysis of the LASCAD System failure Following the above outline of the system failure and prelude of expected challenges in analyzing system failure this section will attempt to shed detailed insight into the failure. The analysis will follow Sauerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model (Sauer, 1993), of investigating system failure which is based on a triangle of dependencies between: Project organization Information system Supporters The multi-faceted nature of systems failure alluded to in the introduction would mean that even this triangle is not a closed system but is affected by other contextual factors of which according to Sauer consists of cognitive limits-(e.g. limits of communication), technical process-( constraints from structured nature of computerized systems or development methodology), environment-(constraints by customers, suppliers, competitors, regulators), Politics, internal project structure and history associated with previous information system projects. Project organization In light of the LASCAD project failure the project organization from inception is very wanting. Firstly following a public inquiry report on the failure (Page et al, 1993), it is claimed that the London Ambulance Service (LAS) management put price before quality and committed to an over ambitious project timetable. This was evidenced by the selection of a supplier who has no experience in building ambulance dispatch systems but had significantly underbid a more established supplier. This was made worse by the management putting the supplier under immense pressure to deliver the system quickly. Secondly the project management team did not follow the PRINCE (Projects in Controlled Environments) project management method prescribed for public sector projects. Thirdly it was found that the system was incomplete and unstable and particularly the emergency backup system was untested. This was further compounded by inconsistent and incomplete user training. Information system In terms of the information system dimension the report of the public inquiry (Page et al, 1993) suggests that the failure was not a result of technical issues since on overall the system did what it was designed to do. It goes further to explain that at the onset the loads on the system were light and the control staff could easily cope with various problems associated with ambulance crews pressing wrong buttons, radio black spots, communication hand-shaking problems etc. When these incidents increased incorrect vehicle location and status information received by the controllers also increased resulting in the failure to cope with the load leading to fewer resources to allocate to incidents and subsequent delays in response times. Supporters/stakeholders As defined by Paul Beynon Davis (1995), supporters/stakeholders defined as people sharing a pool of values that define what the desirable features of an information system and how they should be obtained. The stakeholders have different views and expectations of the system of which such a mismatch in perceptions in this case contributed to the failure. This is depicted below: Figure 2: LASCAD system perceptions rich picture LAS Management: The London Ambulance Service (LAS) management viewed the system as a way to improve service to patients by putting in place mechanisms that would ensure objective and impartial resource mobilization through automation. The LAS management was also influenced by a past experience involving a failed computerized dispatch system project and pressure from organization-wide restructuring that put them under immense pressure to succeed Control room staff: The staff in the control room found the system to be too complicated and did not trust the motives behind implementing a computerized system Ambulance staff: The ambulance crews were more comfortable with the radio call systems that they had been used to and did not have confidence in the new system as they did not see the need for it and found it too complicated Union: The staff union found that there were no requisite consultations done before making the decision to acquire the system and as such the already strained relationship between management and staff was worsened. Hardware and software suppliers: The system suppliers were not sure how to implement the system in the first place and this was compounded by tight deadlines from what they thought to be a disorganized client. Related to these perspectives are contextual factors concerning political environment courtesy of the overarching influence of the National Health Service (NHS) on the London Ambulance Service which is the LAS oversight body (Beynon-Davis 1994).The NHS is characterized by the lack of a unitary power structure and is made up of a network of different health organizations. The implication on a new information system is a very careful political balance in the impact the impact the system will have on the relationships in this network (Checkland and Scholes, 1990). As posit by page et al, (1993), the LASCAD project was greatly affected by internal tensions in within the NHS which had commissioned major reforms in the London Ambulance Service including restructuring that resulted in the reduction of middle management from 263 to 53. It is clear that this resulted in strained relationships and an environment of mistrust and obtrusiveness when it came to any changes, which affected the LASCAD project. So far what is clear is the multifaceted nature of the failure that results from various causes of the failure that is common in computerized information systems, which Paul Beynon-Davis describe as web-like in nature. It has been reported that 92% of all system failures involved failures of technical interaction with cognitive /organizational factors (Mackenzie, 1994). This as it were it is essential to trace the true causes of the system failure. One way of doing this is through multi cause diagrams as mentioned in the section above or Petri nets which use state and event oriented graphs. The LASCAD project failure is depicted below using a multi cause diagram to explore the events and states on why the failure occurred: Figure 3: LASCAD system failure multi-cause diagram Ideas, Recommendations and Lessons Learned As expressed above using Sauerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model (Sauer, 1993) of investigating system failure, the dependencies between the project organization, information system and its supporters have come out very clearly. Using the information system dimension the failure is not attributed to technical issues at all, which goes against common place failure attribution of computerized information systems. This begs the question, what constitutes a system failure? Lyytinen and Hirschein (1987) categorize system failure into four: Correspondence failure: There is a disjoint between the design objectives of the system and what is practically being met by the system. Process failure: This is characterized by runaway projects that either do not provide a workable system or overrun budgets and time. Interaction failure: This focuses on utilization of the system i.e. a highly utilized system is considered a success and one that is hardly used is a failure. Expectation failure: As stated earlier this is the inability of the system to meet a specific stakeholder groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations. The LASCAD system falls into this category as it appears it did not meet various stakeholder group expectations. Donaldson and Jenkins (2000) talk about a 3 dimensional picture where a system totally fails, partially fails or temporarily goes down. In the case of LASCAD it is taken as a partial failure resulting from a number of flaws that are rectifiable and as such this is not a total failure. The rectification will mainly involve a reassessment of the entire project taking mainly focusing on the role of risk assessment. Risk is the probability of a negative outcome. Negative outcome is in essence a relative concept as Wilcocks and Margetts (1994) suggest the risk of a negative outcome only becomes a salient problem when the outcome is relevant to stakeholder concerns and interests. Different settings and stakeholders will see different outcomes as salient. The proposed framework to use in risk assessment follows Wilcocks and Margetts (1994) who put across the following categories to be used in analyzing the development, introduction and use of information systems, these are: History: Past experiences with information system development. Outer context: The environment in which the organization is operating e.g. economy, markets, government Inner context: The characteristics of the organization e.g. structure, strategy Content: For example project size and difficulty Processes: For example project management and staffing Outcomes: Planned and anticipated results. The proposed risk assessment framework would be implemented through out the development, introduction and use of information systems. This will be used to complement an overarching software management methodology such as the Goal Question Metrics (GQM) mentioned in the introduction and the Capability Maturity Model which outline good practices in project management to ensure project success. In the context of LASCAD the GQM will particularly address the aforementioned failure characteristics in the analysis section through the following stages in development: Setting specific goals in light of purpose perspective and environment Refine goals into quantifiable easy to understand questions Derive requisite metrics and data to answer the questions There are various methods that can be used in preventing or solving computerized system failure the Capability maturity model and Goal Question Metrics mentioned above are by no means exhaustive nor are they prescriptive. Organizations are different contextually and individual projects also vary in size and complexity and as such would require approaches the methodologies to be customized and scaled for specific organizations and projects. The Capability Maturity model is a prime example that targets improvement in software processes toward a specific target- maturity level that the organization is working toward. On the other hand there is need to put emphasis on risk management outside of the one dimensional technical orientation to encompass the complexities of computerized systems as seen through the lens of Wilcocks and Margetts (1994) risk management framework. Conclusion: The LASCAD system is a good example that portrays the reality of the complex and multi-faceted nature of systems failure. The different perspectives of the system and congruent expectations make even the very definition of the failure unclear. This particular case highlighted the political and social causes of the failure, what has been described as contextual factors. References to various frameworks have been made in the analysis of the failure -Lyytinen and Hirscheim (1987), particularly expectation failure and dependencies in the 3 dimensional Sauerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model (Sauer, 1993). The failure analysis provided the distillation of the system failure characteristics which describe the true causes of the failure. This was done using rich pictures to accommodate varying perceptions and expectations and multi cause diagrams to explore the various causes of the failure. Lessons learnt and future remediation of systems failure is centered on risk management and project methodologies ensuring good practice in the development, introduction and use of information systems. As recommended in this paper these should take into consideration contextual/ organizational issues apart from technical aspects of the system.

The Horrific Holocaust :: World War II History

The Horrific Holocaust Nearly six million Jews were killed and murdered in what historians have called "The Holocaust." The word 'holocaust' is a conflagration, a great raging fire that consumes in its path all that lives. In the years between 1933 and 1945, the Jews of Europe were marked for total annihilation. Moreover, anti-Semitism was given legal sanction. It was directed by Adolf Hitler and managed by Heinne Himmler, Reinhard Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann. There were many other great crimes and murders, such as the killing of the Armenians by the Turks, but the Holocaust stood out as the "only systematic and organized effort by a modern government to destroy a whole race of people." The Germans under Adolf Hitler believed that the Jews were the cause of all the German troubles and were a threat to the German and Christian values. Dating back to the first century A.D. the Jews and Christians were always at war. The Jews were considered the murderers of Christ and were therefor denounced from society, rejected by the Conservatives and were not allowed to live in rural areas. As a result, the Jews began living in the cities and supported the liberals. This made the Germans see the Jews as the symbol of all they feared. Following the defeat of the Germans in WW1, the Treaty Of Versailles and the UN resolutions against Germany raised many militaristic voices and formed extreme nationalism. Hitler took advantage of the situation and rose to power in 1933 on a promise to destroy the Treaty Of Versailles that stripped Germany off land. Hitler organized the Gestapo as the only executive branch and secret terror organization of the Nazi police system. In 1935, he made the Nuremberg Laws that forbid Germans to marry Jews or commerce with them. Hitler thought that the Jews were a nationless parasite and were directly related to the Treaty Of Versailles. When Hitler began his move to conquer Europe, he promised that no person of Jewish background would survive. Before the start of the second world war, the Jews of Germany were excluded from public life, forbidden to have sexual relations with non-Jews, boycotted, beaten but allowed to emigrate. When the war was officially declared, emigration ended and 'the final solution to the Jewish problem' came. When Germany took over Poland, the Polish and German Jews were forced into overcrowded Ghettos and employed as slave labour. The Jewish property was seized. Disease and starvation filled the Ghettos. Finally, the Jews were taken to concentration camps in Poland and Germany were they were

Digital Fortress Chapter 6

Although Ensei Tankado was not alive during the Second World War, he carefully studied everything about it-particularly about its culminating event, the blast in which 100,000 of his countrymen where incinerated by an atomic bomb. Hiroshima, 8:15 a.m. August 6, 1945-a vile act of destruction. A senseless display of power by a country that had already won the war. Tankado had accepted all that. But what he could never accept was that the bomb had robbed him of ever knowing his mother. She had died giving birth to him-complications brought on by the radiation poisoning she'd suffered so many years earlier. In 1945, before Ensei was born, his mother, like many of her friends, traveled to Hiroshima to volunteer in the burn centers. It was there that she became one of the hibakusha-the radiated people. Nineteen years later, at the age of thirty-six, as she lay in the delivery room bleeding internally, she knew she was finally going to die. What she did not know was that death would spare her the final horror-her only child was to be born deformed. Ensei's father never even saw his son. Bewildered by the loss of his wife and shamed by the arrival of what the nurses told him was an imperfect child who probably would not survive the night, he disappeared from the hospital and never came back. Ensei Tankado was placed in a foster home. Every night the young Tankado stared down at the twisted fingers holding his daruma wish-doll and swore he'd have revenge-revenge against the country that had stolen his mother and shamed his father into abandoning him. What he didn't know was that destiny was about to intervene. In February of Ensei's twelfth year, a computer manufacturer in Tokyo called his foster family and asked if their crippled child might take part in a test group for a new keyboard they'd developed for handicapped children. His family agreed. Although Ensei Tankado had never seen a computer, it seemed he instinctively knew how to use it. The computer opened worlds he had never imagined possible. Before long it became his entire life. As he got older, he gave classes, earned money, and eventually earned a scholarship to Doshisha University. Soon Ensei Tankado was known across Tokyo as fugusha kisai-the crippled genius. Tankado eventually read about Pearl Harbor and Japanese war crimes. His hatred of America slowly faded. He became a devout Buddhist. He forgot his childhood vow of revenge; forgiveness was the only path to enlightenment. By the time he was twenty, Ensei Tankado was somewhat of an underground cult figure among programmers. IBM offered him a work visa and a post in Texas. Tankado jumped at the chance. Three years later he had left IBM, was living in New York, and was writing software on his own. He rode the new wave of public-key encryption. He wrote algorithms and made a fortune. Like many of the top authors of encryption algorithms, Tankado was courted by the NSA. The irony was not lost on him-the opportunity to work in the heart of the government in a country he had once vowed to hate. He decided to go on the interview. Whatever doubts he had disappeared when he met Commander Strathmore. They talked frankly about Tankado's background, the potential hostility he might feel toward the U.S., his plans for the future. Tankado took a polygraph test and underwent five weeks of rigorous psychological profiles. He passed them all. His hatred had been replaced by his devotion to Buddha. Four months later Ensei Tankado went to work in the Cryptography Department of the National Security Agency. Despite his large salary, Tankado went to work on an old Moped and ate a bag lunch alone at his desk instead of joining the rest of the department for prime rib and vichyssoise in the commissary. The other cryptographers revered him. He was brilliant-as creative a programmer as any of them had ever seen. He was kind and honest, quiet, and of impeccable ethics. Moral integrity was of paramount importance to him. It was for this reason that his dismissal from the NSA and subsequent deportation had been such a shock. Tankado, like the rest of the Crypto staff, had been working on the TRANSLTR project with the understanding that if successful, it would be used to decipher E-mail only in cases pre-approved by the Justice Department. The NSA's use of TRANSLTR was to be regulated in much the same way the FBI needed a federal court order to install a wiretap. TRANSLTR was to include programming that called for passwords held in escrow by the Federal Reserve and the Justice Department in order to decipher a file. This would prevent the NSA from listening indiscriminately to the personal communications of law-abiding citizens around the globe. However, when the time came to enter that programming, the TRANSLTR staff was told there had been a change of plans. Because of the time pressures often associated with the NSA's anti-terrorist work, TRANSLTR was to be a free-standing decryption device whose day-to-day operation would be regulated solely by the NSA. Ensei Tankado was outraged. This meant the NSA would, in effect, be able to open everyone's mail and reseal it without their knowing. It was like having a bug in every phone in the world. Strathmore attempted to make Tankado see TRANSLTR as a law-enforcement device, but it was no use; Tankado was adamant that it constituted a gross violation of human rights. He quit on the spot and within hours violated the NSA's code of secrecy by trying to contact the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Tankado stood poised to shock the world with his story of a secret machine capable of exposing computer users around the world to unthinkable government treachery. The NSA had had no choice but to stop him. Tankado's capture and deportation, widely publicized among on-line newsgroups, had been an unfortunate public shaming. Against Strathmore's wishes, the NSA damage-control specialists-nervous that Tankado would try to convince people of TRANSLTR's existence-generated rumors that destroyed his credibility. Ensei Tankado was shunned by the global computer community-nobody trusted a cripple accused of spying, particularly when he was trying to buy his freedom with absurd allegations about a U.S. code-breaking machine. The oddest thing of all was that Tankado seemed to understand; it was all part of the intelligence game. He appeared to harbor no anger, only resolve. As security escorted him away, Tankado spoke his final words to Strathmore with a chilling calm. â€Å"We all have a right to keep secrets,† he'd said. â€Å"Someday I'll see to it we can.†

The 1st Amendment and our Rights essays

The 1st Amendment and our Rights essays Freedom of Speech, freedom of expression, both oral and written, from governmental prior restraint, except as such expression constitutes libel, slander, obscenity, sedition, or criminal conduct such as bribery, perjury, or incitement to riot. In the U.S., this freedom is protected by the 1st Amendment of the Constitution. At the core of 1st Amendment concerns is the protection of expression that is critical of government policies. Also, if the people of the government think censoring American sites from having "vulgar" material on them, what happens when this child goes to a site that either has a nice sounding name that they don't think to block because it does not sound incriminating. If people don't want their children to be on obscene sites then they could put a block on that site at their own computers and make it for that child's screen name instead of the entire Internet. If there are people old enough to visit these sites they should not be blocked from everyone. But it may also be a good thing for them to censor the Internet for reasons of there are some pretty nasty ones out there and they may not have any incriminating content on them, but they are pointless and destructive to other peoples computers. There are some sites that have viruses on them and other people enter not knowing and that should definitely come to an end. Although these sites are dumb, the more you destroy the more sites just lik e it are made. The porno sites and other adult content sites should not be blocked. I say this because if they are going to look for it there is no way you can hide it from the children that have access to the Internet. Also there is no way of proving how old you really are on a computer, so there is no way a child can be caught on the site he/she is not supposed to be on. If Congress starts to limit the ability of the Internet it would be against everything that it was made for, and at th ...

Feedback TAC (for Spa) system

Feedback TAC (for Spa) system Feedback TAC stands for Tele Assistance Collaboration that helps businesses and especially those in the hospitality industry to remotely manage their daily operations. In the cotemporary and very competitive world, businesses are looking for appropriate technologies to enable them establish a competitive edge over their rival firms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Feedback TAC (for Spa) system specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has pressurized many firms to embrace appropriate technologies that enable them to run more efficiently. The Feedback TAC system is a good example of such a technology that has greatly boosted the performance of many businesses in the hospitality industry. The TAC System operates depending on the kind of data it receives. Therefore, the TAC system can be used to by the marketing department of hospitality industry to strategically position their firms’ services as well as products in the market. The TAC system should be used in Spa to determine the most appropriate lead time in order to increase its performances. Lead time entails the duration between the initialization of any idea of production and the time when the idea generates revenues. In most cases most firms do their best to reduce their lead time in order to avoid time wastages. It is believed that when these firms reduce their lead time accordingly, they are able to avoid accumulation of unfinished tasks that assists them to operate more efficiently. Conversely, other firms increase their efficiency by increasing their lead time. They argue that an extended lead time gives them an ample time to prepare to attend their customers. The Spa marketing department should use the TAC system to help it to determine the most viable time for customers to do their booking. The Spa management should feed its TAC system with the right data of when it opens as well as when it closes. For, instance, the Spa TAC system should be designed to accept those bookings that are done between 16:00 and 20:00. This will help those customers who are doing their booking, to book at times when Spa operates. The Spa management should make sure that they advice their IT experts to ensure that the Spa TAC System they adopt have an extended lead time. An extended lead time will enable the customers to do their booking in advance. Through this process the management will be able to plan in good time on how to serve its customers.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, early booking will help the management to buy appropriate materials its employees may require when attending their clients. Through this process, Spa will run more efficiently. Subsequently, it will attract more customers because more people will be willing to use its services because its efficiency services. The TAC system should allow people to do their booking even three weeks in advance. In addition to an extended lead time, the TAC System embraced should regulate Spa booking processes. The system should only accept those bookings that the Spa employees can manage to handle at a time. In order for it to regulate the bookings accordingly, the system should be fed with the correct data of the numbers of tasks the Spa employees can manage at a time. Thus, when a client books to be attended in a schedule that is full to capacity, the system should direct the customer to the next available and most appropriate options to select from. For instance, the system should allow only one person to book for the hair cut at a go because Spa is able to serve one person at a time. The customer should direct those other customers who book for hair cut to the next available options. The TAC system should on the other hand allow three people to book for the treatment at a go because Spa has can accommodate three chances for treatment at ago. Other consequent bookings should be directed to the next appropriate options. The TAC system should allow people to book for hair cut as well as treatment from Monday to Friday. Conversely, it should allow people to book for hair dressing only on Mondays and Tuesdays. Through this method, the Spa is likely to perform very well and command a greater market share in its area of specialization. The TAC system should only allow customers to make their booking between 16:00-20:00 because that is the time frame when Spa operates. Any booking that is made before 16:00 or after 20:00 should not be accepted by the TAC system. Similarly, the TAC system should not allow people to book for any services on Sunday since SPA does not operate on Sundays.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Feedback TAC (for Spa) system specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The TAC system to be installed by Spa ought to have appropriate dis counts for its customers. The customers who provide referral services as well as those who provide repeated business to the company should automatically be assigned special discounts when booking. Similarly, the TAC System should have some special packages for its royal customers as well as promotions that are meant to enhance the awareness of the firm. Technology is a very important strategy that firms use to augment their performances. When firms adopt appropriate technologies in their system, they are able to perform more efficiently. Spa will improve its performance greatly when it adopts the TAC System. The system will help it to run more efficiently. Subsequently, Spa will be able to win more customers and help it make more profits as a result of its increased market share.

Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Corporations - Essay Example In this regard, a duty of care involves the duty to ensure that the corporation’s interests are protected and in doing so, directors must ensure that their conduct does not bring about harm to the corporation (Guth v Loft, Inc.). In the class action lawsuit against the board, the claim is that the board of directors is jointly liable for the illegal conduct of Operator and Accountant. The claim is therefore substantiated by findings that board directors Operator and Account breached their duty of loyalty and the board as a whole was negligent in not preventing or acquiescing in that breach of the duty of loyalty. Liability in this regard will be founded on the statutory duty of care articulated by the Model Business Corporation Act 1984. Pursuant to Section 8.30 of the Model Business Corporation Act 1984, directors have a responsibility to act with the care of an ordinary reasonable person in the director’s position and how such a person would be expected to act in â₠¬Å"similar circumstances† (Model Business Corporation Act, Section 8.30). Therefore the substantive issue is whether or not the board as whole indirectly and through agency, breached the duty of loyalty and in doing so, directly breached the duty of care. From a purely procedural perspective, the business judgment rule engages judicial review of the substantive issues and argument. ... On the facts of the case, it appears that the board relied on Accountant and his teams to appropriately carry out the corporation’s financial affairs. Moreover, the audited financial statements sent to the directors would not have revealed an obvious issue although a closer examination of the books would have revealed the unlawful activities. The main question in assessing the business judgment rule is therefore whether or not it was prudent for the board to trust Accountant and to accept the audited financial statements at face value. Since audited financial statements are usually prepared by a certified public accountant and its authentic is confirmed by the certified public accountant, it does not appear to be unreasonable for the board to rely on the audited financial statements (Merrill Lynch). If the certified public accountant was Accountant and his team, it is only with hindsight that the board might have a reason to second guess his preparation of the audited financia l statements. Therefore this part of the class action lawsuit will not likely succeed. The board appears to have acted prudently or reasonably and had a rational basis for their decision and cannot be said to have acted in breach of a duty of care and therefore did not breach the duty of loyalty. With respect to the payment of a US$50 fine to avoid an indictment against the company, it can be argued that this particular act is negligent since the case against Operator appears to be falling apart. Procedurally, if the case against Operator, the main actor in the scandal is weakening, the case against Mousetrap is decidedly weaker. However, the prospect of facing an investigation and an

Strategic analysis and covert action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic analysis and covert action - Essay Example hat little research exists on the ethical analysis of various intelligence operations, such as the covert actions and the process of collecting and disseminating information2. It is important to denote that intelligence institutions usually operate under a high level of secrecy and deception. This paper analyses the ethical values of the operations of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). It is important to denote that the CIA carries out two major functions in its attempt to protect the citizens of the United States and the various interests of the United States government3. These functions include collecting intelligence information, as well as engaging in a covert operation. A covert action is referred to as a operation that is either conducted in a political or a military manner, and whose sponsor is not known to the public. These actions might include carrying out an assassination on a potential threat to the American interests, or even sponsoring a political group to take over power in a foreign state4. This paper analyzes whether it is ethical to combine these two functions within one central body. The position of this paper is that it is unethical to combine the information gathering role, and that of a covert action to be conducted by one central institution. Due to their roles of carrying out a covert action, the CIA loosed integrity amongst the American public. On this basis, it was impossible to effectively gather sensitive information for purposes of carrying out their roles. For example, on the 22nd of December 1974, the New York Times published a report by Seymour Hersh. This report criticized the activities of the CIA5. The activities that this report criticized included the spreading of propaganda by the CIA, the bribing of politicians, assassination of world leaders, contaminating of the various food supplies and undermining some national governments. In a report to President Henry Kissinger, the then director of the CIA admitted these

Networks and System Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Networks and System Administration - Essay Example Company networks serve to facilitate communication processes in the company and facilitate management processes through the use frameworks such as the company intranet. In addition, connectivity to the internet comes with added advantages through which the company can communicate with the outside world. This implies that the implementation and the configuration of a computer network depend on the needs of that particular organization (Bagad 2009). For example, desktop layout is primarily determined by the office arrangement and the need to host a web site warrants the use of a web server in the overall network infrastructure of the company. This paper provided a description of the computer network implemented and management for Target Company (will call it X Company). 2. Part 1 – Network Evaluation of the business needs is the initial step of the design methodology; focusing on business needs, goals and objectives provides an avenue for the designing of a network that will mak e the business meet its requirements. The steps of the design methodology are outlined below. 2.1 Business requirements For a network design methodology to be effective, it must put into consideration the business needs. Business needs are the key drivers towards the implementation of any project. Understanding the organizational and corporate culture and the business processes of the X Company will play a significant role in determining the effectiveness of the design methodology. The design should be tailored so as to facilitate the realization of the business needs of the company (Barnick 2006). Some of the business needs of the X Company are outlined below. Enhancing employee productivity; the present IT infrastructure at the X Company does maximize on the potential of its employees. Reduction in overhead costs; currently, the company incurs a lot of expenses due to lack of proper communication and network infrastructure. To establish effective management strategies. To enhance customer satisfaction through increased employee productivity and increased efficiency in the execution of business processes. To enhance profitability through increased market share. 2.2 Design requirements The network design requirements are based on the business needs. The network design should facilitate the realization of the business requirements. Specific design standards are implemented basing on the design in accordance with the network and information needs of the X Company. The business needs and technical needs of the network play a significant role in determining the network infrastructure to be implemented (McCabe 2007). The X network rational is designed to achieve the following design requirements: management & security, scalability, performance and availability. 2.3 Analysis of network design The network design of any company cannot be effectively accomplished without proper security design if it is public as well as Intranet. Certifications on audit and certificati ons were written by the company and they are reviewed on regular basis to make sure that at all times only genuine employees with authority are the only ones being allowed to have access to their respective applications at any particular time (Caslow 1998). The first element of the network at X is a

Hinduism And The Sacred Cow Essay Example for Free

Hinduism And The Sacred Cow Essay A look at the various cultures in the world indicates that each community has its unique practices. Most of those cultural practices are divinely inspired. Some traditional tribes for example worship the mountains believing they are the abode of the Gods. Others may revere snakes seeing them as angels sent to guard the earth. Such beliefs are not mere practices but owe their basis to the core of such a community’s origin. For the Hindus, their veneration of cows is well chronicled and has been studied over time. An in-depth analysis reveals interesting aspects of this community and creates a better understanding of why not even the prospects of death can compel starving adherents to slaughter cows for meat. A close analysis of the sanctity of cows in Hinduism reveals that beyond religion, there are economic factors at play that makes cows to be sources of great reverence. A look at Hinduism reveals a religion that has remained adamant to the changes brought forth by the Christianity civilization. It reveals a population that holds unique doctrines and cultural practices that have defied odds, being reinforced year after year and cutting across individuals in all walks of life. It is such uniqueness and resistance that continues to be exhibited today and reinforces the reluctance to embrace the idea that cows could be a source of food as opposed to an object of worship. Though there exist scanty details that link the worship of cows to the Hindu scriptures, the raging belief is that such a belief owes its origin to Hinduism and is considered to be a core element to this belief. The extent of this reverence can be discerned from the religions tensions that have existed over time between Indian Muslims and Hindus, over the latter’s beef eating practices and the Hindus bid to have beef eating banned nationwide . With a religion that has been closely associated with vegetarianism, it is important to examine the roots of Hinduism, its reverence for cows and the ban of cows as a preferred delicacy. A look at Hinduism and its insistence on the banning of cow meet presents an interesting contrast. History reveals â€Å"that cow protection was not always the central fact of Hinduism.† Although Vedic scriptures advocated for vegetarianism, they did not mention the protection of cows. Such practice became prevalent after the inception of Buddhism. Scholarly excerpts on this topic claim that the practice of cow protection was brought by Jainism which strictly forbids meat eating. The highest of the four castes in India, the Brahman, which is seen as the custodian of religions doctrines, did not initially agitate against cow eating in fact as Harris mentions â€Å"the Brahman caste’s religions duties centered not on protecting cows but on slaughtering them† Cow meat in those early times could be distributed to the adherents’ and a means of paying off loyalty. It was also used to signify wealth. It has to be noted however that even then cow meat eating was only restricted to sacrifices. Meat eating was associated with religious rituals and ceremonies after successful battles. Vedic scriptures had provided for specification on the type of animals that could be feasted upon but as Claus et al (2003, 125) observes â€Å"there is little to indicate that cows were worshipped during the Vedic period.† Instead, such practices can be traced to what has been referred to as the Upanishadic Era. A number of factors have been identified by Brown (1957) as leading to the start of this practice. These are â€Å"the importance of the cow and its products in Vedic sacrificial ritual, the literal interpretation of figurative uses of the word cow in the Vedas†, the insistence on the sanctity of the Brahman’s cow and the identification of the cow with the mother of the gods . Since then, Hindus have considered cows to be sacred. This can be discerned by looking at the available literature or the description of cows. Hindu religious scholars offer saintly description of cows portraying a reverence which equates them to deities. A look around India reveals that immense care is exercised when handling cows. Hindus pamper them with concern and accord them respect and respect that befits that of a higher being, they even â€Å"try to place them in animal shelters when they become sick or old and can no longer be cared for at home.† Hindu scriptures claim that cows are protected by the gods (Shira Krishna) and hence each and every product that comes from cows is seen as possessing mystic powers. This can even be discerned from the way cow dung, which in the western world is considered as filth, is revered and used in various religious rituals. Cow dung, milk and urine are used to prepare holy liquids for blessing the worshippers. Such perception of animal droppings as possessing mystic power is extended to the village doctors who use it in their trade. In addition, this reverence is also inspired by the Hindus belief in reincarnation. According to Ken reincarnation simply insinuates â€Å"that one’s actions here on earth have a direct bearing on the form one will take in the next life, the highest form being a cow. † This is also referred to as transmigration and the belief that cows are spiritual beings can be used to explain the reluctance of the hunger stricken Hindus to slaughter the animals. The widely held belief is that gods resides in cows and hence anyone who dares slay or mistreat them will reincarnate into a lower being. With cows hence being held in such a high stature among the Hindus and the common belief in their spirituality, they have become a common property with estimates placing their numbers to around 330 millions. This is roughly a cow per homestead. It is a common property even amongst the paupers as no one wants to be left behind from owning such an object of spiritual pleasure. It is hard then for such people to contemplate slaughtering cows even on the blink of death. The cow is seen as an object of providence whose milk flows to quench and nourish the world. Many just watch helplessly as cows die either of hunger or old age and cannot play a role in the hastening of their deaths. Pictures of fattened cows among wizened and emaciated Hindus have been circulated in the west with a purpose probably of belittling one of the religions that has refused to die. The cradle of the matter however remains Hindus out of their religious beliefs would rather die of hunger than slaughter a cow, for this is considered to an act of great abomination. Not all however share the belief that religion alone has helped perpetuate the culture of cow protection. Though the origin of this practice is heavily engendered in the historical rituals conducted in the early times, the economic angle has helped this culture transcend years of western onslaught. To understand this aspect of thinking, it is important to analyze the economic foundation of the Hindus and how it has sustained the practice of cow protection. The economic complacency behind the rearing of cows is by the Hindus may not be easily grasped by western scholars, but the truth of the matter is that cows are seen as the source of livelihood to a community whose income barely allows anything beyond mere existence. India may be the 12th biggest in the world in terms of the GDP closely behind the developed nation but its economic background is characterized by huge inequalities. Agriculture has played a big role in the economy in addition to the manufacturing sector. However, the low productivity in the agricultural sector has been exacerbated by a number of factors key to them the inefficient small scale farming and the unwillingness or the inability to embrace modern methods of farming. The peasant farmers still practice century’s old methods of farming which greatly depends on the monsoon providence. This is a fact that has helped sustain the practice of cow protection. The centrality of agriculture as the backbone of the Indian economy is undeniable; core to this is cow breeding which has become a source of national pride. Unlike in the western nations where majority of the people reside in the urban areas the reverse is the case in India with reliable estimations putting the percentage of Indians living in the rural areas to 75. A further interesting fact about India’s peasantry farming is the use of cattle driven plows instead of tractors as is the case in modern farming. This reluctance probably emanates from the limitations in the size of the pieces of land available to each household making it uneconomical to switch to tractors. An analysis of the situation on the ground for the peasant farmers reveals that the high stature through which cows is unlikely to wane any time soon. This is because there is always a huge demand for traction animals. According to Harris â€Å"there is indeed a shortage rather than a surplus of animals.† The amounts of land that require plowing far outstretch the available traction animals. In addition to cows, oxen are highly valued for farming. This may explain the obsession for cows in the belief that a large number of cows will lead to more oxen. For those that may not exceptionally view cows as being much of spiritual beings, their reliance on farming as the only source of livelihood hence means that one must be preoccupied with the need to preserve and protect cows in the belief that they will keep on multiplying the number of oxen. This hence is a self preservation measure as the death of cows and oxen will hence undeniably mean the end of the small farms. Harris also examines further the issue of oxen and the inexplicable Hindus attachment to cows. A shortage of oxen is likely to result to debts to the farmers as they are likely to turn to renting to cover for the shortfall before the monsoon season is over. Sharing of oxen for example has being an unwise idea as most of the farmers during this period are busy preparing their farms. To avoid this each and every homestead ensures an adequate supply of cows and oxen. India is home to a population that goes beyond 700 million people, as aforementioned, 70% live in the rural areas but that still leaves a sizeable chunk of people scurrying the urban center for jobs. For the 70% portion of the population cows are seen as a source of livelihood that must be protected at all costs, this is because the urban centers offer no respite. As Harris notes, the suffering caused by unemployment and homelessness in India cities is already intolerable and hence any influx towards the urban centers will create an imbalance and outstretch the available resources leading â€Å"to unprecedented upheavals and catastrophes.† In comparison to the developed nations where agriculture is carried out in large scale, India’s agricultural sector can only be regarded as cottage and has exhibited the reluctance to embrace modernism; this extends too to the farm inputs. Westerners long ago neglected the idea that animal droppings could be used to nourish the lands and instead have resorted to organic inputs. This is not the case in India where farmers rely on manure for farming in addition to other uses. To Hindus, economic profitability of a cow is not a factor, what matters is such a cow continues to meet the purposes that it has been set out for. This explains why even barren cows are still valued despite the urgent need for milk. This is because the economic viability of a cow is not only measured through the quantity of the milk that it produces but also its other products such as cow dung that bear agricultural, cultural and spiritual purposes. The aspects of cow worship aside, cows in India are not viewed from an angle similar to that of the western world. The benefits accrued too the Hindus are not only limited to milk, in fact they are rarely kept for milk; water buffalos are reared instead. Harris agrees with this noting that â€Å"the ox is the Indian peasant’s tractor, thresher and family car combined; the cow is the factory that produces the ox. † It is important to explore the importance if cow dung to add to the spiritual importance that had been mentioned before. Where western nations do not have a current experience with cow dung as a source of heat, Hindus prefer it for a variety of reasons. To the Indian women, cow dung is not only a representation of simplicity and an experience of spiritual pleasures but it is also seen â€Å"as a superior cooking fuel because it is finely adjusted to their domestic routines. † Indeed economic importance of cow dung to the lower caste Hindus cannot be over-emphasized. It is used in all manner of places and there are people that make a living out of it. In addition to being used as a floor finishing providing a smooth surface, it supports households that make a living by collecting the animal droppings in the urban centers. To understand how feasible this is, it is important to look at the nature of the existing public policies in regard to cows. It is hence worthy noting that due to the revered status of cows, they have been allowed freedom of movement that can only be equated to that of human beings. In fact they are a major cause of traffic snarl ups in some of the urban centers in India. Their droppings hence have to be collected by the street sweepers. The huge demand placed by the house wives for cow dung makes it a feasible economic commodity.